Galaxies are the building blocks of the universe. They are giant systems containing a thousand billion stars, and interstellar material in the form of gas and dust. One hundred years ago we only knew of one galaxy — our Milky Way; we now have observed (literally) billions of them. In the 1970s astronomers were shocked to discover that galaxies contain five times more material, in the form of “dark matter,” than in the stars and gas that we can detect. Even more recently we have discovered that every galaxy has a supermassive black hole in its center, weighing in at a million to a billion times the mass of our Sun. Astronomers have formulated a narrative of how galaxies form and evolve over the age of the universe, but recent discoveries from the Webb Telescope are challenging some aspects of that story and may point to the need for fundamental revisions of our theories. In this course we will examine what we know, and what we don’t know, about these intriguing systems. Class Limit: None No Class on April 23, April 30, and May 7
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